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OPEN-ENDED QUESTION: WHAT HISTORICAL EVENTS, IN YOUR OPINION, ARE SYMBOLS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE?

General Opinion
(% of those surveyed in Russia)
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Great Patriotic War |
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29 |
- "Great Patriotic War, let it never happen again"; "war against fascism and our victory"; "the blockade of Leningrad"; "Victory Day"; "taking of Berlin."
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Revolution of 1917 |
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10 |
- "October Socialist Revolution of 1917 and coming of Bolsheviks to power"; "the volley of the ship Aurora"; "the Civil War of 1917."
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Events of early Russian history |
|
4 |
|
Throwing off the Mogul-Tartar yoke, Battle of Kulikova |
2 |
|
- "The victory over the Tartar-Moguls, the Kulikovskaya Battle"; "Dmitry Donskoy's victory over the Tartars"; "fighting against the Tartars at the Kalka river."
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Baptism of Russia |
1 |
|
- "Baptism of Russia by Prince Vladimir"; "embracing Christianity."
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Battle on the Ice |
1 |
|
- "Ice Battle Royal"; "the victory by Alexander Nevsky at Chudskoye Lake in 1242."
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The Era of Peter the Great |
|
4 |
- "The Era of Peter the Great"; "exit to Europe, development of shipbuilding and trade at the time of Peter 1"; "the reforms by Peter the Great"; "Poltava Battle."
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Patriotic War of 1812, Borodino |
|
3 |
- "War with Napoleon in 1812"; "the Borodino battle"; "the fire in Moscow in 1812."
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Revival of Russia after 1991 |
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2 |
- "They returned anthem and flag"; "enactment of Russian symbols"; "creation of independent Russia in 1991"; "events of the present time: reconstruction of churches, building of the Russian state."
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Conquest of space |
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2 |
- "Conquest of space"; "we were first in space, the flight by Gagarin"; "1957 – launching of the first sputnik into space."
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August 1991 putsch |
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2 |
- "The August 1991 putsch of the GKChP."
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Perestroika |
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2 |
- "Democratization"; "Gorbachev's perestroika"; "freedom of speech and thinking"; "the beginning of perestroika at the end of the '80s."
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Election of Vladimir Putin as president |
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1 |
- "Putin came to power"; "election of Putin as president of the country."
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Disintegration of the USSR, the Belovezhskoye Agreement |
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1 |
- "Disintegration of the USSR"; "the Agreement in Belovezhskaya."
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Wars in Chechnya |
|
1 |
- "Chechnya"; "The Chechen War."
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1905 Revolution |
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1 |
- "The bloody Sunday of 1905."
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Other |
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1 |
- "The Holiday of the First of May"; "Chernobyl"; "crisis of August 1998"; "the First World War"; ""Golden Age" of Catherine II"; "the Crimean War"; "Olympic Games of 1980."
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No response, wrong responses |
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47 |
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OPEN-ENDED QUESTION: WHAT HISTORICAL PERSONALITIES, IN YOUR OPINION, ARE SYMBOLS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE?

OPEN-ENDED QUESTION: WHAT CULTURAL OR SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS, COULD YOU CALL THE SYMBOLS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE?

General Opinion
(% of those surveyed in Russia)
|
Cosmonauts |
|
31 |
- "Cosmic exploration and development of outer space programs"; "Gagarin's first flight, the first sputnik in space"; "spacewalks, space achievements."
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Achievements in culture and art |
|
10 |
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Ballet |
4 |
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- "Russian ballet"; "the ballet of the Bolshoi Theater."
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Theater |
2 |
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- "Theaters of Russia"; "the Bolshoi Theater – its prestige in the world."
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Literature |
2 |
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- "Pushkin, Lermontov, Lomonosov, Yesenin, Dostoyevsky, literature of the 19th century, poetry, prose."
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Film-making |
1 |
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- "Stage direction of films at the end of the '70s and '80s in general."
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Art |
1 |
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- "Picture by Repin, "Burlaki on the Volga River""; "the Tretyakov Gallery"; "the pictures by the great Russian artists Repin, Vasnetsov"; "the Hermitage"; "Ilea Glazunov and his art."
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Music |
1 |
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- "Virtuosos of Moscow"; "everything is in songs"; "establishment of the conservatory by Rubinstein"; "Russian folk dancing"; "Tchaikovsky, Prokofiev."
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Sports |
1 |
|
- "Figure skating"; "sports"; "football"; "winter sports."
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Culture in general, spirituality |
1 |
|
- "Creation of Russian alphabet"; "churches, religion"; "spiritual renewal, limitless faith in God"; "culture of the 19th century."
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Military achievements |
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3 |
- "Armaments"; "we used to be first in the world in armaments"; "missile troops, aviation"; "the best weapons in the world"; "inventions in the military industry."
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Nuclear weapons and energy |
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3 |
- "Creation of nuclear weapons"; "creation of the atomic bomb"; "the first atomic power station"; "H-bomb, genetics."
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Invention of the laser |
|
2 |
- "Invention of laser"; "development of the laser emission theory."
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Nobel Prize by Alferov |
|
1 |
- "Scientific achievements by Alferov, the Nobel Prize winner."
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Periodical Table by Mendeleev |
|
1 |
- "The Periodic Table by Mendeleev."
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Invention of radio |
|
1 |
- "Invention of the radio by Popov."
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Achievements in airplane building |
|
1 |
- "Construction of planes"; "airplanes SU-57, TU-154"; "polar aviation"; "an airplane with an anti-foil."
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Achievements in healthcare |
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1 |
- "Pirogov's war surgery"; "transplant of human heart"; "invention of medicines for plague, pyrexia and so on"; "genetics"; "invention of penicillin"; "achievements in medicine, Fyodorov's operations."
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Other scientific achievements |
|
2 |
- "Physicists, mathematicians"; "cloning"; "science, education"; "creation of semiconductors"; "electronics."
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No response, wrong responses |
|
51 |
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OPEN-ENDED QUESTION: WHAT BUILDINGS WOULD YOU CALL SYMBOLS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE?

OPEN-ENDED QUESTION: WHAT GEOGRAPHICAL PLACES WOULD YOU CALL SYMBOLS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE?

Nation-wide surveys conducted in 100 residencies in 44 regions, territories and republics. Household interviews Janyary 19-20, 2002. A sample size of 1500 respondents.
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