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24.01.2002, Population Poll

Symbols of the Russian State

OPEN-ENDED QUESTION: WHAT HISTORICAL EVENTS, IN YOUR OPINION, ARE SYMBOLS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE?

General Opinion

(% of those surveyed in Russia)

Great Patriotic War

29

  • "Great Patriotic War, let it never happen again"; "war against fascism and our victory"; "the blockade of Leningrad"; "Victory Day"; "taking of Berlin."

Revolution of 1917

10

  • "October Socialist Revolution of 1917 and coming of Bolsheviks to power"; "the volley of the ship Aurora"; "the Civil War of 1917."

Events of early Russian history

4

Throwing off the Mogul-Tartar yoke, Battle of Kulikova

2

  • "The victory over the Tartar-Moguls, the Kulikovskaya Battle"; "Dmitry Donskoy's victory over the Tartars"; "fighting against the Tartars at the Kalka river."

Baptism of Russia

1

  • "Baptism of Russia by Prince Vladimir"; "embracing Christianity."

Battle on the Ice

1

  • "Ice Battle Royal"; "the victory by Alexander Nevsky at Chudskoye Lake in 1242."

The Era of Peter the Great

4

  • "The Era of Peter the Great"; "exit to Europe, development of shipbuilding and trade at the time of Peter 1"; "the reforms by Peter the Great"; "Poltava Battle."

Patriotic War of 1812, Borodino

3

  • "War with Napoleon in 1812"; "the Borodino battle"; "the fire in Moscow in 1812."

Revival of Russia after 1991

2

  • "They returned anthem and flag"; "enactment of Russian symbols"; "creation of independent Russia in 1991"; "events of the present time: reconstruction of churches, building of the Russian state."

Conquest of space

2

  • "Conquest of space"; "we were first in space, the flight by Gagarin"; "1957 – launching of the first sputnik into space."

August 1991 putsch

2

  • "The August 1991 putsch of the GKChP."

Perestroika

2

  • "Democratization"; "Gorbachev's perestroika"; "freedom of speech and thinking"; "the beginning of perestroika at the end of the '80s."

Election of Vladimir Putin as president

1

  • "Putin came to power"; "election of Putin as president of the country."

Disintegration of the USSR, the Belovezhskoye Agreement

1

  • "Disintegration of the USSR"; "the Agreement in Belovezhskaya."

Wars in Chechnya

1

  • "Chechnya"; "The Chechen War."

1905 Revolution

1

  • "The bloody Sunday of 1905."

Other

1

  • "The Holiday of the First of May"; "Chernobyl"; "crisis of August 1998"; "the First World War"; ""Golden Age" of Catherine II"; "the Crimean War"; "Olympic Games of 1980."

No response, wrong responses

47

OPEN-ENDED QUESTION: WHAT HISTORICAL PERSONALITIES, IN YOUR OPINION, ARE SYMBOLS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE?

OPEN-ENDED QUESTION: WHAT CULTURAL OR SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS, COULD YOU CALL THE SYMBOLS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE?



General Opinion

(% of those surveyed in Russia)

Cosmonauts

31

  • "Cosmic exploration and development of outer space programs"; "Gagarin's first flight, the first sputnik in space"; "spacewalks, space achievements."

Achievements in culture and art

10

Ballet

4

  • "Russian ballet"; "the ballet of the Bolshoi Theater."

Theater

2

  • "Theaters of Russia"; "the Bolshoi Theater – its prestige in the world."

Literature

2

  • "Pushkin, Lermontov, Lomonosov, Yesenin, Dostoyevsky, literature of the 19th century, poetry, prose."

Film-making

1

  • "Stage direction of films at the end of the '70s and '80s in general."

Art

1

  • "Picture by Repin, "Burlaki on the Volga River""; "the Tretyakov Gallery"; "the pictures by the great Russian artists Repin, Vasnetsov"; "the Hermitage"; "Ilea Glazunov and his art."

Music

1

  • "Virtuosos of Moscow"; "everything is in songs"; "establishment of the conservatory by Rubinstein"; "Russian folk dancing"; "Tchaikovsky, Prokofiev."

Sports

1

  • "Figure skating"; "sports"; "football"; "winter sports."

Culture in general, spirituality

1

  • "Creation of Russian alphabet"; "churches, religion"; "spiritual renewal, limitless faith in God"; "culture of the 19th century."

Military achievements

3

  • "Armaments"; "we used to be first in the world in armaments"; "missile troops, aviation"; "the best weapons in the world"; "inventions in the military industry."

Nuclear weapons and energy

3

  • "Creation of nuclear weapons"; "creation of the atomic bomb"; "the first atomic power station"; "H-bomb, genetics."

Invention of the laser

2

  • "Invention of laser"; "development of the laser emission theory."

Nobel Prize by Alferov

1

  • "Scientific achievements by Alferov, the Nobel Prize winner."

Periodical Table by Mendeleev

1

  • "The Periodic Table by Mendeleev."

Invention of radio

1

  • "Invention of the radio by Popov."

Achievements in airplane building

1

  • "Construction of planes"; "airplanes SU-57, TU-154"; "polar aviation"; "an airplane with an anti-foil."

Achievements in healthcare

1

  • "Pirogov's war surgery"; "transplant of human heart"; "invention of medicines for plague, pyrexia and so on"; "genetics"; "invention of penicillin"; "achievements in medicine, Fyodorov's operations."

Other scientific achievements

2

  • "Physicists, mathematicians"; "cloning"; "science, education"; "creation of semiconductors"; "electronics."

No response, wrong responses

51

OPEN-ENDED QUESTION: WHAT BUILDINGS WOULD YOU CALL SYMBOLS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE?



OPEN-ENDED QUESTION: WHAT GEOGRAPHICAL PLACES WOULD YOU CALL SYMBOLS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE?



Nation-wide surveys conducted in 100 residencies in 44 regions, territories and republics. Household interviews Janyary 19-20, 2002. A sample size of 1500 respondents.



POF database > Special Selections > Symbols of Russia > Symbols of the Russian State